The invention discloses a raindrop spectrum inversion method and system, wherein the method comprises the steps: carrying out denoising of a Doppler spectrum, and obtaining a rainfall signal spectrum; performing de-folding processing on the rainfall signal spectrum to obtain a de-folded rainfall signal spectrum; performing vertical airflow correction processing on the de-folded rainfall signal spectrum to obtain a rainfall velocity spectrum; and carrying out inversion on the rainfall velocity spectrum to obtain a raindrop spectrum. According to the raindrop spectrum inversion method, calculation is carried out according to the actually observed raindrop spectrum, a raindrop spectrum distribution function model does not need to be assumed in advance, dependence on any empirical relation is avoided, the situation that the MRR can only be used for measuring stratified cloud rainfall with small vertical airflow is overcome, and the DSD accuracy of MRR inversion of natural rainfall is improved.