The invention discloses a locking device of a manual insertion-pulling stretchable rod, and belongs to the technical field of mechanical locking devices. The locking device aims at solving the problems that in the prior art, the working efficiency is low, and the requirement for the accuracy of the position of a positioning hole is high. The locking device comprises a guiding pipe, a compression spring, the stretchable rod, a positioning hole base, a supporting base and an operating handle. One end of the guiding pipe penetrates through the supporting base and is fixed to the supporting base through an installation flange, the other end of the guiding pipe is provided with two pairs of unlocking state limiting grooves and locking state limiting grooves, the unlocking state limiting grooves and the locking state limiting grooves are perpendicular, the stretchable rod is arranged in the guiding pipe, the compression spring is limited between the stretchable rod and the guiding pipe, the stretchable rod is stretched out through restoring force of the compression spring, one end of the stretchable rod is fixedly connected with the operating handle, a pair of guiding strips are arranged on the operating handle and matched with the unlocking state limiting grooves and the locking state limiting grooves respectively to achieve limiting in the unlocking state and the locking state, and when a rotary device is in the locking state, the stretchable rod is matched with a positioning hole of the positioning hole base.