The invention relates to a GPS monitoring system of a radiopharmaceutical transport vehicle. The GPS monitoring system comprises the transport vehicle and a vehicle-mounted terminal arranged on the transport vehicle, wherein a GPS receiver and a controller are arranged inside the vehicle-mounted terminal and mutually connected, and the vehicle-mounted terminal is provided with a vehicle-mounted goods package data interface. The vehicle-mounted goods package data interface of the vehicle-mounted terminal is connected with a special radiopharmaceutical transfer box through a data line. The GPS monitoring system further comprises a remote monitoring center, the remote monitoring center is provided with a server, the server is provided with an electronic map module, and the server conducts data exchange with the vehicle-mounted terminal through a public network. The GPS monitoring system has the advantages that the vehicle-mounted terminal and the special radiopharmaceutical transfer box are connected into a whole, data information of the transport vehicle and the special radiopharmaceutical transfer box is sent to the remote monitoring center through the vehicle-mounted terminal in real time, and the remote monitoring center can conduct real-time monitoring; the GPS monitoring system is safe and reliable, and improves the comprehensive monitoring and control abilities of manufacturing enterprises and related national departments.