The invention discloses a dual-polarization-state dual-binary optical access system fusing an optical fiber link and a free space optical communication channel. According to the system, a polarizationmultiplexing technology and a dual-binary modulation mode are adopted to generate an optical dual-polarization state dual-binary (DP-DB) signal at a transmitting end, and the signal is transmitted through a 50km single-mode optical fiber (SMF-28) and a 100m free space wireless optical communication (FSO) channel at the rate of 10Gb/s. Compared with a conventional optical access system scheme, thetest results prove that the DP-DB optical fiber access system provided by the invention has the access advantages of an optical fiber link and a free space downlink at the same time, can provide theaccess with high bandwidth efficiency and support the direct detection of the optical signals after polarization demultiplexing, and can be applied to the last kilometer area which is not beneficial to optical fiber transmission.