The invention discloses a method for building a patent document model tree. The contents of components of a patent document, multi-generation quotations and IPC (International Patent Classification) are combined to build the patent document model tree. The method comprises the following steps: the whole patent document is used as a root node; an abstract, a specification, claims, the IPC and the quotations are used as intermediate nodes; independent claims, the section, big group, small group and big class of the IPC and generation one to m-1 of quotations in the quotations are used as intermediate knots; and the name of the invention, the technical scheme and the application field of the abstract, the subordinate right claim of the claims, the prior art, the to-be-solved problem, the technical scheme, the beneficial effects and the embodiment of the specification, small classes in the IPC and the generation m0 of quotation of the quotations are used as leaf knots. m is the mth generation of quotation of the patent document, and m is greater than or equal to 1 and is less than or equal to m0. The patent document is more comprehensively, deeply and accurately expressed according to the method, and the method can be applied to similar or related calculation of the patent document.