The invention belongs to the field of constructional engineering, and discloses a damage evaluation method for a shield underneath pass masonry structure building, which comprises the following steps:(1) determining a masonry structure building settlement curve caused by shield excavation; (2) determining an angular deformation function and a horizontal strain function of the masonry structure building according to the settlement curve of the masonry structure building; (3) determining a maximum tensile strain function of the masonry structure building according to the angular deformation function and the horizontal strain function of the masonry structure building; and (4) determining the damage grade of each part of the masonry structure building according to the maximum tensile strainfunction. According to the method, the maximum tensile strain and the occurrence position of the maximum tensile strain generated by the masonry structure building under the shield tunnel underneath pass working condition can be accurately determined, so that the damage grade of the building is more finely determined, the method is more accurate and reliable compared with a previous evaluation method, and a reliable basis is provided for safety evaluation and protection of the masonry structure building.