The invention discloses a calibration optical system based on a geosynchronous orbit differential absorption spectrometer. The calibration optical system is composed of an oscillating mirror system, afront optical system, a solar diffuse reflection plate assembly and a solar light blocking door assembly. The oscillating mirror system is composed of a pointing mirror, a sweeping shaft system, a motor harmonic group and an oscillating mirror U-shaped bracket. The front optical system consists of a primary mirror, a secondary mirror, a third mirror, a plane mirror and a slit. The solar diffuse reflection plate assembly consists of a Teflon diffuse reflection plate and corresponding structural components. The solar light blocking door assembly includes a solar baffle and a motor assembly. Thecalibration optical system introduces a bidirectional reflection distribution function of external solar illuminance with known spectral irradiance at suitable on-board calibration time, thereby accurately measuring the diffuse reflection plate and establishing an approximate lambertian surface source with known spectral radiance to provide known radiation input for a remote sensor. The system has high measurement accuracy, compact volume, light weight and high reliability.