The invention provides an atmospheric microorganism laser detection alarm system comprising a laser output device, a collection device, a detection device, a gathering device and a processing device, wherein the laser output device is used for generating 355nm pulse laser beams to induce NAD(P)H and riboflavin in microorganism to separately generate fluorescence signals; the collection device is used for receiving and transmitting the fluorescence signals; the detection device is used for converting the fluorescence signals into electrical signals; the gathering device is used for gathering the electrical signals; and the processing device is used for processing and analyzing the electrical signals. According to the atmospheric microorganism laser detection alarm system based on 355nm laser provided by the invention, air microorganism aerosol within a range of 150m in the morning and at night in an unknown area can be detected and alarmed by reasonably selecting component technical parameters and types; the system is light in weight and convenient to move and arrange, has the advantages of being real-time, stable, reliable and high in sensitivity, and can be applied to the fields of public security, epidemic prevention and environment monitoring, with wide market prospects.