The invention discloses a postoperative screw placement precision evaluation method. The method comprises the following steps: (1) acquiring an intraoperative vertebral section image; (2) obtaining a postoperative vertebral segment image containing a kirschner wire after operation; (3) generating a crown section, an axis section and a sagittal section penetrating through the axis of the planned channel, and intercepting the crown section, the axis section and the sagittal section of the postoperative vertebral section image according to the crown section, the axis section and the sagittal section; (4) performing coarse alignment on the intraoperative vertebral section image and the postoperative vertebral section image; (5) adjusting the post-operation cross-sectional image to enable the post-operation cross-sectional image and the intra-operation cross-sectional image to be in an acceptable coincidence state, and obtaining a final transformation relation between the intra-operation image coordinate system and the post-operation image coordinate system; and (6) transforming the axis of the kirschner wire into an intraoperative image coordinate system through the final transformation relation, and calculating to obtain a screw placement precision error. According to the method, the deviation between the axis of the kirschner wire and the planned channel is calculated through the fused image, and the positioning precision of clinical screw placement of the surgical robot can be accurately analyzed.