The invention relates to the technical field of laser surface micro modeling, in particular to a laser micromachining device for the inner surface of an engine cylinder and a machining method of the laser micromachining device. An object machined by the laser micromachining device is an engine cylinder body; because the machined objects have irregular shapes, larger size and larger mass, a machining scheme that a workpiece is used for fixation and a laser head not only rotates but also takes a linear motion up and down is adopted. Through adopting the laser micromachining device disclosed by the invention, laser beams are output from an inner light path of a laser, pass through an outer light path system and then are focused by a focusing lens inside the laser head and then reflected to the machining surface of a workpiece through a total reflection mirror; and the laser outputs a single laser pulse at specified time on a specified machining point by dint of the coordination and the interaction of a numerical control system on the motion control of various axis of a work table and the single pulse output control of the laser, and therefore the laser micromachining of the surface of the workpiece is realized.