The invention discloses a compact large-relative-aperture long-focus high-definition optical system for target detection, and belongs to the technical field of optics. The compact large-relative-aperture long-focus high-definition optical system comprises a front lens correction group, a Cassegrain system, a rear lens correction group and an SCMOS sensor. A light beam sequentially passes through the front lens correction group, the Cassegrain system and the rear lens correction group and is finally imaged on the target surface of the SCMOS sensor. The front lens correction group corrects spherical aberration related to aperture. The rear lens correction group balances the aberration and expands the field of view of the optical system. According to the invention, the working wave band is 486.13 nm-656.27 nm, and the method can be used for an airborne rapid target search system. The characteristics of the opening of a Cassegrain type primary mirror and the blocking of a secondary mirror are fully utilized, the lens correction groups are respectively arranged on the two outer sides of the Cassegrain type system, the whole system is compact in structure, and the size of the optical system is greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the imaging quality of the optical system is good, and diffraction spots and a transfer function are close to diffraction limits.