The invention provides a method for asynchronous positioning of an ultra-wideband sensor network based on compressive sampling. The method comprises the following specific steps that (1) an anchor node 1 broadcasts ultra-wideband pulse 1; (2) other anchor nodes and a TAG node carry out compressive sampling on a received signal to obtain a time of arrival of the pulse 1; (2) the TAG node broadcasts ultra-wideband pulse 2; (4) each anchor node respectively carries out compressive sampling on the received signal, the anchor node 1 records a pulse round-trip time, and other anchor nodes obtain a time of arrival of the pulse 2 and respectively report the two times of arrival to the anchor node 1; and (5) the anchor node 1 computes a coordinate position of the TAG. On one hand, a compressive sampling method is applied to an ultra-wideband sensor network positioning system, and the ultra-wideband pulse is obtained at a sampling rate which is further lower than Nyquist. On the other hand, each node does not need to carry out clock synchronization strictly, the complexity is lower, and a positioning error of an asynchronous ultra-wideband system can be effectively reduced.