The invention discloses cucumber exosome-like vesicles containing cucurbitacin B and capable of being used as anti-cancer drugs. Cucurbitacin B can be used for inhibiting proliferation of various cancer cells, but an extraction method of cucurbitacin B is complex and time-consuming. The method of separating the cucumber exosome-like vesicles to obtain cucurbitacin B has the advantages of easinessand quickness in operation and the like, and the lipid bilayer of the exosome-like vesicles is used as a natural protective film of cucurbitacin B, so that the stability of cucurbitacin B can be maintained for a long time. Moreover, through the principle of similarity and intermiscibility, the intake rate of cells to cucurbitacin B is also improved to a certain extent due to the existence of the lipid bilayer. When the cucumber exosome-like vesicles act on human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) of adenocarcinoma, the maximum cell activity inhibition rate of the cucumber exosome-like vesicles is twice that of a cucurbitacin B standard substance, the dosage is lower, the toxicity to normal cells and the drug resistance to cancer cells can be reduced, and the cucumber exosome-likevesicles have good anti-cancer potential and industrialization prospect, and have an important significance in the clinical tumor treatment application.