The invention discloses a method for quickly detecting aflatoxin B1 by PbS quantum dot. The method is characterized by comprising the steps of: adding Pb(NO3)2 solution into mercaptoacetic acid and Na2S solution to prepare PbS quantum dot; preparing 10mug/mL QD-Ab solution by coupling of PbS quantum dot and aflatoxin B1 monoclonal antibody; adding aflatoxin B1-bovine serum albumin conjugate in an elisa plate to coat the elisa plate, and simultaneously adding AFB1 solution and QD-Ab solution, after incubation digestion, adding Hg2Cl solution, getting constant volume by adding acetic acid buffer solution, then preparing the to-be-detected solution; deoxidizing the to-be-detected solution, adding the deoxidized to-be-detected solution into a pretreated glassy carbon electrode for detection, and calculating the content of the aflatoxin B1 according to a standard curve relation between the dissolving peak size of Pb<2+> and the concentration of aflatoxin B1 solution. The method has the advantages of high sensitivity, strong selectivity, excellent stability, high accuracy and quick detection speed.