The invention provides a coke quenching tower flue gas treatment system and treatment method. The system comprises a coke quenching tower, a plate heat exchanger and a smoke exhaust device. A smoke collection port of the coke quenching tower is communicated with a flue gas inlet of the plate heat exchanger, and a flue gas outlet of the plate heat exchanger is communicated with the smoke exhaust device. The plate heat exchanger comprises a flue gas channel, an air channel, an air inlet pipe and an air outlet pipe, and a heat exchange layer is arranged between the flue gas channel and the air channel. The flue gas inlet, the flue gas channel and the flue gas outlet are sequentially communicated, the air inlet pipe, the air channel and the air outlet pipe are sequentially communicated, and the smoke exhaust device is respectively communicated with the flue gas outlet and the air outlet pipe. Air flow is always kept in the air channel. According to the coke quenching tower flue gas treatment system and treatment method, a large amount of instantaneous high-temperature flue gas load can be borne to adapt to an intermittent flue gas treatment environment, and meanwhile, in the discharging process of flue gas generated by the coke quenching tower, the situation that a chimney emits white smoke is avoided.