The invention provides an optical microscopic observation device and method.The observation device comprises a high-pressure kettle, image acquisition equipment, observation equipment, a glass visual model and displacement equipment, a confining pressure cavity is formed in the high-pressure kettle, a light source window and an observation window which are opposite to each other are arranged on the high-pressure kettle, and the glass visual model is located between the light source window and the observation window; the observation equipment comprises an objective lens and an objective lens adjusting device, the objective lens is located between the glass visual model and the observation window, the objective lens adjusting device is connected with the autoclave and comprises an adjusting piece capable of moving in the direction close to or away from the glass visual model, and the objective lens is arranged on the adjusting piece; the adjusting part adjusts the distance between the objective lens and the glass visual model through movement. The micro object distance microscopic observation method in which the objective lens and the imaging system are separated is adopted, so that a finer pore channel can be observed under a high-pressure condition, the bottleneck that a pore channel with the diameter of 10 microns can only be observed under normal pressure is broken through, and the method is suitable for micro object distance microscopic observation under most oil reservoir conditions.