The invention discloses a vehicle overpressure and negative pressure filtering and purifying comprehensive protection system, realizing the overpressure protection of carriage and negative pressure protection of carriage van-type vehicle, which comprises an overpressure protection device, a negative pressure protection device and a protection control device; the overpressure protection device is fixed in a compartment at left-front part of carriage, which comprises a fan, a filter absorber, a collecting tank, a cab blast pipe, a carriage blast pipe and an air volume adjusting valve; the negative pressure protection device is fixed on the floor of the carriage, which comprises a casing, a second high efficient filter, a high efficient filter, a centrifugal fan, an electric butterfly valve, an air exhausting flange, an ultraviolet lamp and a protective gate. The vehicle overpressure and negative pressure filtering and purifying comprehensive protection system has the advantages that the van-type vehicle can safely pass though biologic pollution area, and protect the environment on the way from pollution when biologic pollution sick and wounded or biologic pollutant are conveyed.