The invention discloses a cast-in-place arch bridge combined support structure and a construction method thereof.The cast-in-place arch bridge combined support structure comprises a first-stage bearing platform, a pile foundation, a second-stage bearing platform, an arch device and a supporting device.The first-stage bearing platform comprises a concrete bottom pile, a supporting column, a reinforcing device and a fixing rod, a U-shaped groove is formed in the top of the concrete bottom pile, and a protruding block is inserted into the bottom of an inner cavity of the U-shaped groove; the supporting column is inserted into the top of the concrete bottom pile. The concrete bottom piles are poured at the bottom of the riverbed, the supporting columns are spliced to the concrete bottom piles, the fixing rods and the limiting rods are used for limiting the supporting columns, and the concrete bottom piles can provide a firm supporting point for the first-stage bearing platform and the second-stage bearing platform so as to facilitate pouring of the arch bridge; in addition, various devices can be conveniently disassembled after the arch bridge is poured, the concrete bottom piles under the water surface do not affect the flowing speed of passing ships and water flow, and therefore the construction safety is greatly improved.