The invention discloses a railway retarder large-scale on-line monitoring device based on fiber bragg gratings. An FBG sensor is fixed on each monitored retarder, and the FBG sensors are connected with an optical fiber branching device through optical fibers; the optical fiber branching device is connected with a fiber bragg grating demodulator, and the fiber bragg grating demodulator is connectedwith a fiber bragg grating sensor; the fiber bragg grating demodulator is connected with a server through a signal line or a wireless network, and the server stores stress change information of eachmonitored retarder. According to the invention, the all-optical measurement and transmission are adopted, no electronic equipment exists on site, other electronic equipment of a railway is not interfered, the interference of other electronic equipment is avoided, and the insulation protection is not needed. The optical center wavelength value of each single FBG sensor is specific; in the laser band range, the low-cost large-scale deployment can be achieved, the working state of the retarder is monitored in real time, the labor intensity of workers is relieved, and meanwhile, the shunting safety of a railway freight yard is improved.