The invention discloses a preparation method for a supported Mo-based oxidation desulfurization catalyst, and belongs to the technical fields of coal processing, petroleum processing and petrochemical processing, and relates to a preparation method for a solid catalyst for oxidative removal of distillate oil and sulphide-containing thiophene aromatic heterocyclic compounds in the chemical materials. The method is characterized by: loading an organic acid on a porous carrier-supported Mo-based oxide catalyst, then drying at a temperature of 70-120 DEG C; heating to the temperature of 100-180 DEG C in the protection of inert gas, and holding for 1-5 hours, wherein the heating rate is 1-10 DEG C per minute; then heating to the temperature of 200-260 DEG C and holding for 1-5 hours, wherein the heating rate is 1-10 DEG C per minute; then heating to the temperature of 300-340 DEG C and holding for 1-5 hours, wherein the heating rate is 1-10 DEG C per minute to prepare the catalyst. The mixture comprising Mo<6+> and low valence state Mo<5+> is loaded on the surface of the catalyst. With the present invention, the oxidation activity and the desulfurization activity of the supported Mo-based catalyst provided by the present invention can be significantly improved, and a wide application prospect in the field of deep desulfurization is provided.