The invention discloses a water cutting geological rock sample machining device and method. The device is mainly formed by universal wheels, a lower box, an upper box, a three-axis linear sliding table, a water cutting system and an integrated control box, wherein an ultrahigh pressure water jetting generation system is arranged in the lower box, a water purification device, a water tank and a working rack are arranged in the upper box, the three-axis linear sliding table is located above the working rack, the water cutting system is located on the three-axis linear sliding table, and the ultrahigh pressure water jetting generation system is connected with the water cutting system. According to the water cutting geological rock sample machining device and method, during rock sample cutting machining, manual intervention and operation are not needed, the effects of heat, the size, stress concentration and the like existing in a traditional machining device and method can be better overcome when rock samples are machined, and a good foundation is provided for improving the accuracy of measurement results. The water cutting geological rock sample machining device is easy to operate, convenient to maintain, low in using cost and capable of being widely applied to the production and preparing process of the various rock samples for geotechnical engineering science.