The invention discloses a mercury cadmium telluride avalanche diode detector capable of modulating a surface energy band. By adding an electrode above a passivation layer of a pn junction depletion region, the pn junction energy band at the interface between the passivation layer and the mercury cadmium telluride can be modulated, and the pn junction at the interface between the passivation layerand the mercury cadmium telluride tends to be flat, thereby suppressing surface generation-recombination, surface tunneling, and surface leakage currents. The detector has the advantages that the surface energy band of the pn junction region can be modulated to be flat, and the surface leakage current is suppressed to enable the diode to work in the Geiger mode under the reverse large bias voltage, which is advantageous for solving the problem that the mercury cadmium telluride avalanche diode device of the conventional structure may have large leakage current at the surface when the reverse bias voltage is greater than the avalanche breakdown voltage, causes the photodiode to undergo thermal-electric breakdown, and limits signal detection in a linear mode.