The invention discloses a thermocouple temperature measurement device and a temperature detection method. The device comprises a thermocouple, a conditioning module used for carrying out common-mode filtering processing of an analog hot end thermoelectric potential signal outputted by a hot end of the thermocouple, an analog-to-digital converter used for converting the analog hot end thermoelectric potential signal subjected to filtering processing into a digital hot end thermoelectric potential signal, a thermistor used for sensing the cold end temperature of the thermocouple, and a controller used for obtaining a cold-end thermoelectric potential according to the cold-end temperature of the thermocouple, obtaining a hot-end thermoelectric potential according to the digital hot-end thermoelectric potential signal, calculating a target thermoelectric potential according to the hot-end thermoelectric potential and the cold-end thermoelectric potential, and obtaining the hot-end temperature of the thermocouple according to the target thermoelectric potential. The device is advantaged in that the device can improve the anti-interference capability, guarantees high precision of temperature detection, achieves hot-end thermoelectric potential correction according to the hot-end thermoelectric potential and the cold-end thermoelectric potential of the thermocouple through employing an inverse temperature measurement algorithm, obtains the hot-end temperature of the thermocouple, is good in flexibility, and is wide in application range.