The invention relates to a method for recovering carbon dioxide from tail gas of an industrial furnace and producing lithium carbonate, which comprises the following steps of: removing particulate matters from the tail gas of the industrial furnace, performing denitration and desulfurization treatment, pressurizing the treated tail gas to 0.1-0.7 MPa, dehydrating, and removing NOx and SO2 by adopting a double-tower temperature swing adsorption device to obtain purified tail gas, introducing into a four-tower pressure swing adsorption device to separate carbon dioxide, and finally introducing the obtained carbon dioxide into a lithium hydroxide solution to prepare lithium carbonate. According to the invention, trace sulfides and nitrogen oxides in the tail gas are removed by using a temperature swing adsorption method, so that the total concentration of SO2 and NOx in the tail gas is 1t; according to the method, a pressure swing adsorption method is adopted to recover carbon dioxide, the obtained carbon dioxide gas is high in purity, high in recovery rate and large in treatment capacity, the separated and refined high-purity carbon dioxide can be used as a raw material in the carbonization process to produce battery-grade lithium carbonate, and resource utilization of the carbon dioxide in the tail gas of the industrial furnace is achieved.