The invention belongs to the technical field of buildings and particularly relates to a construction method of a structural system with structural floors as horizontal braces. The method comprises the steps that 1, an envelope structure, cement-mixed piles, engineering pile foundations, structure columns, first steel latticework columns, a supporting pile foundation, a supporting column and second steel latticework columns are constructed in a foundation pit; 2 and 3, earth is excavated to the bottom of first reinforced concrete inner supports, and the first reinforced concrete inner supports and first enclosing purlins are constructed; 4, the earth continues to be excavated downwards, and temporary supports or all floor structures and concrete inner supports are constructed; 5, the earth is excavated to a foundation slab, and a bedding layer, a bearing platform and the foundation slab are constructed; 6, the contained temporary supports are dismantled, and if the temporary supports are not contained, the next step is executed; 7, side walls of all the floor structures, earth outlet holes reserved in all the structural floors and a beam and slab structure on the top are constructed. According to the construction method, foundation engineering and upper structures are constructed at the same time, the construction time can be greatly shortened, the construction cost can be saved, and therefore the total cost of a project can be saved.