The invention discloses a transmission and clamping structure capable of realizing self-rotation of a workpiece in a vacuum furnace. The structure comprises a driving gear motor, a shaft seal device, a driving gear I, a driven gear I, a driving gear II, a driven gear II, a workpiece clamping device, a coupler, a transmission shaft, all component supporting structures and the like, wherein the transmission shaft is fixed on a hearth upper cover by means of a transmission shaft supporting structure, the driving gear II and the driven gear I are of an integrated structure and are installed on the hearth upper cover by means of a driving gear II supporting structure, the workpiece clamping device and the driven gear II are fixed on the hearth upper cover by means of the driven gear II supporting structure, and the workpiece is clamped and hoisted at the lower part of the workpiece clamping device. On the premise that bidirectional sealing and thermal protection are guaranteed, the workpiece can be driven by the gear motor by means of a gear transmission system to automatically and stably rotate, and loading and unloading are facilitated; and by means of the structure, all parts of the workpiece can be evenly heated and cooled, heat treatment distortion is reduced, and the consistency of the heat treatment performance of the workpiece is improved.