The invention provides an uplink system of a subcarrier multiplexing optical network of filter based multicarrier modulation. The system comprises access control modules, filter based multicarrier modulation modules, subcarrier modulation modules, a multiplexing module, a feed line type fiber, a de-multiplexing module, photoelectric detectors, subcarrier demodulation modules and uplink data reception modules that are successively connected. Data generated by the access control modules is modulated in the filter based multicarrier modulation method, modulated user data is modulated to different optical subcarriers and transmitted via RF subcarrier modulation of optical carrier waves, and data from different units is multiplexed to uplink fiber channels. Filter based multicarrier modulation technology is combined with subcarrier multiplexing technology so that frequency spectrum resources of uplinks are utilized in high efficiency, interference among symbols and subcarriers of uplink users can be effectively resisted, and higher transmission speed and frequency spectrum frequency can be supported.