The invention relates to an air separation device and a method for domestic garbage. The device comprises a preprocessing unit and an air separation unit, wherein the preprocessing unit contains a feed belt, a magnetic separator and a crusher, and the air separation unit comprises a charging belt, a dedusting filter cartridge, a circulating fan 1, an air separation chamber, an air return pipeline, a roller 1, a roller 2, a circulating fan 2, a heavy substance storage bin, an intermediate-weight substance storage bin, a light substance storage bin and the like. In the invention, the separation of the domestic garbage is realized by the following method: the domestic garbage enters the magnetic separator and the crusher by the feed belt for preprocessing, then enters the air separation unit and enters the air separation chamber by the charging belt, the air speed and the air quantity in the air separation chamber are controlled, heavy substances, intermediate-weight substances and light substances in the domestic garbage respectively fall into the respective storage bins, and the return air is connected to the dedusting filter cartridge by a pipeline and is returned to the circulating fans after the return air is dedusted.