The invention discloses an ecological planting and breeding method for rice field loaches. The method comprises the following steps of S1, digging a breeding ditch around a rice field for breeding loaches; S2, laying anti-seepage films on the inner wall and the bottom of the breeding ditch; S3, exposing a dry pond of the breeding ditch to the sun for 8-10 days, filling the breeding ditch with 30-50 kg of quick lime per mu and water, and disinfecting the breeding ditch; S4, performing fertilization and fattening in a rice planting area, injecting water into the breeding ditch, and planting aquatic plants and algae; S5, performing rice planting: performing sowing from the middle ten days of April to the beginning of May, and transplanting rice seedlings in the middle ten days of May; and S6, in the middle ten days of May, putting young loaches into the breeding ditch, temporarily breeding the young loaches in the breeding ditch, and keeping a cement pipe valve in a closed state. According to the method, in the breeding process, the loaches can remove weeds and pests in the rice field, and excrement of the loaches can provide fertilizer for rice, so that the use amount of pesticide can be reduced, the use amount of the fertilizer can also be reduced, and the rice planting cost is reduced; and the loaches can also be used for loosening the soil of the rice field, so that the growth of the rice is facilitated, and resources are fully utilized.