The invention relates to a composite carbon diaphragm with a mesoporous and microporous gradient structure and a preparation method for the diaphragm. The composite carbon diaphragm with the mesoporous and microporous gradient structure consists of a porous support body, a mesoporous intermediate layer and a surface separation layer, and is characterized in that the
pore diameter of the porous support body is 100 to 500 nanometers, the
breaking strength is 2 to 15MPa, and the anti-explosion strength is 3 to 10MPa; the
pore diameter of the mesoporous intermediate layer is 2 to 10 nanometers, the specific surface area is 400 to 1,000 m<2> / g, the
porosity is 30 to 50 percent, and the thickness is 1 to 10 micrometers; and the
pore diameter of the surface separation layer is 0.3 to 0.5 nanometer, the specific surface area is 300 to 600 m<2> / g, the
porosity is 20 to 40 percent, and the thickness is 0.1 to 5 micrometers. By the composite carbon diaphragm with the mesoporous and microporous gradient structure, the phenomenon that the
gas separation performance of the composite carbon diaphragm is greatly reduced due to the defect of the surface of the support body is avoided, and the permeability of the prepared composite carbon diaphragm is improved obviously on the basis of keeping high
gas separation selectivity.